AMR funding landscapes and their implications for AMR containment in Kenya and Vietnam

Africa and Asia, which host most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), are projected to bear the greatest burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) if containment measures remain sub-optimal. Any implementation of AMR containment measures requires financing. In resource constrained countries, how funding is mobilized, allocated, and utilized at national and sub-national levels is not well understood despite availability of costing and budgeting tools for AMR national action plan objectives and activities. This study investigates the current funding landscape and its implications for AMR containment in Kenya and Vietnam, two LMICs with decentralized and centralized health systems, respectively. Specifically, it assesses AMR funding sources, priorities, planning and accountability mechanisms, positive and perverse incentives, challenges, and gaps, all aimed at informing strategies for strengthening AMR containment financing at national and sub-national level. It includes a review of national and sub-national funding and budgeting literature and key informant interviews with AMR containment actors.

Research Team: Dr Edna Mutua, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme; Professor Edwine Barasa, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme; Dr Sonia Lewycka, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit; Professor Sassy Molynuex, University of Oxford; Dr Anita Musiega, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme; Dr Hai Ngo, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Centre for Technology Studies; Professor Theo Papaioannou, The Open University